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Countries and regions国家与地区

Where can AI data centres be built, and how do power, water, rules and climate shape the cooling?在哪里建得起来？电、水、规则和气候怎样影响热管理选择？

Power is the biggest constraint in nine of the ten regions.十个地区中有九个的最大约束是电力。

In mainland China, it is where and how efficiently you may build. Six regions set a PUE requirement or target of 1.2–⁠1.4.中国大陆则是建在哪里、按多高能效建。六个地区设有 1.2–⁠1.4 的 PUE 要求或目标。

Ten regions chosen by the owner, each with a country page; climate from hourly observations 2020–2024站长选定的十个地区，每个都有国家页；气候来自 2020–2024 年逐时观测Our reading of the sourced rules本站对有来源规则的解读

Ten regions: PUE requirement or target, power build-out and the biggest constraint十个地区：PUE 要求或目标、电力建设规模和最大约束
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North-east Asia东北亚

South-east Asia东南亚

Oceania大洋洲

North America北美

China (mainland)中国大陆● Country page live国家页已上线

PUE requirement or targetPUE 要求或目标≤ 1.2≤ 1.2 Action-plan rule, national hub-node projects行动计划要求，国家枢纽节点项目

Power build-out电力建设规模≈19 GW约 19 GW average load of computing centres in 2025 (170 TWh ÷ 8,760 h; NEA data, this site's conversion)2025 年算力中心平均负荷（1,700 亿千瓦时 ÷ 8,760 小时；国家能源局数据，本站换算） Actual use, converted to average load实际用电，换算为平均负荷

Biggest constraint最大约束Location and PUE rules: 选址与能效规则：new large sites go first to eight hub nodes, held to PUE 1.2新建大型项目优先进 8 个枢纽节点，PUE 不得高于 1.2 Second: electricity price, Beijing surcharges existing sites above PUE 1.35 from 2026其次：电价，北京自 2026 年起对 PUE 高于 1.35 的存量数据中心加价 Our reading of the sourced rules本站对有来源规则的解读

27 sourced facts · 3 projects有来源事实 27 条 · 项目 3 个

Taiwan台湾● Country page live国家页已上线

PUE requirement or targetPUE 要求或目标≤ 1.3 / ≤ 1.4≤ 1.3 / ≤ 1.4 Rule, new builds of 5 MW or more; 1.3 hyperscale, 1.4 colocation规定，5 MW 以上新建；超大型 1.3，主机代管 1.4

Power build-out电力建设规模303.5 MW303.5 MW contract capacity at four energised transmission-level data centres (Taipower statistics as reported by the press, December 2025)4 座已送电输电级数据中心的契约容量（媒体转述的台电统计，2025 年 12 月） Contracted; 4.76 GW applied for已签约；另有 4.76 GW 申请

Biggest constraint最大约束Power: 电力：Taipower holds back loads of 5 MW or more north of Taoyuan台电暂缓桃园以北 5 MW 以上用电 Second: own power and green power, users of 5 MW or more owe a 10% renewable duty; new large users must add own generation or storage (law passed August 2026, thresholds pending)其次：自备电源与绿电，5 MW 以上用户须承担 10% 再生能源义务；新设大用户须自备发电或储能（2026 年 8 月修法通过，门槛待定） Our reading of the sourced rules本站对有来源规则的解读

28 sourced facts · 6 projects有来源事实 28 条 · 项目 6 个

South Korea韩国● Country page live国家页已上线

PUE requirement or targetPUE 要求或目标None found未找到 Voluntary certification only仅有自愿性认证

Power build-out电力建设规模6.2 GW6.2 GW data-centre peak demand in 2038, 11th Basic Plan (operating sites drew 1,762 MW in 2022)第 11 次基本计划预计的 2038 年数据中心峰值需求（2022 年运营站点 1,762 MW） Forecast, peak demand预测，峰值需求

Biggest constraint最大约束Power: 电力：any load of 10 MW or more needs a grid assessment用电 10 MW 及以上须先过电网评估 Second: water, no data-centre water rule found; operators report their own WUE其次：水，未找到数据中心用水规则；运营方自报 WUE Our reading of the sourced rules本站对有来源规则的解读

26 sourced facts · 5 projects有来源事实 26 条 · 项目 5 个

Japan日本● Country page live国家页已上线

PUE requirement or targetPUE 要求或目标≤ 1.3≤ 1.3 Law, new builds from FY2029法定，2029 财年起新建

Power build-out电力建设规模+6.6 GW+6.6 GW grid demand added by FY2035 (OCCTO, January 2026)到 2035 财年新增的电网需求（OCCTO，2026 年 1 月） Forecast预测

Biggest constraint最大约束Power: 电力：grid connection can take ten years or more in some cases并网在部分情况下可能需要十年以上 Second: land and water, hub criteria include industrial water and 30 ha or more of industrial land其次：土地和水，枢纽选址标准包括工业用水和 30 公顷以上产业用地 Our reading of the sourced rules本站对有来源规则的解读

26 sourced facts · 6 projects有来源事实 26 条 · 项目 6 个

Malaysia马来西亚● Country page live国家页已上线

PUE requirement or targetPUE 要求或目标1.41.4 Design target, tax-incentive condition设计目标，税收优惠条件

Power build-out电力建设规模8.35 GW8.35 GW secured by TNB (61 projects), June 2026TNB 已锁定（61 个项目），2026 年 6 月 Secured pipeline, maximum demand已锁定管线，最大需求

Biggest constraint最大约束Power: 电力：in Johor, TNB must approve the supply first在柔佛须先获 TNB 批准供电 Second: water, new sites should avoid water-stressed areas其次：水，新站点应避开缺水地区 Our reading of the sourced rules本站对有来源规则的解读

11 sourced facts · 6 projects有来源事实 11 条 · 项目 6 个

Singapore新加坡● Country page live国家页已上线

PUE requirement or targetPUE 要求或目标1.251.25 Call condition征集条件

Power build-out电力建设规模1.6 GW1.6 GW maximum IT load of all data centres, October 2026全部数据中心最大 IT 负荷，2026 年 10 月 Includes the 200 MW awarded in 2026含 2026 年分配的 200 MW

Biggest constraint最大约束Power: 电力：new capacity comes mainly through government calls新增容量主要通过政府征集分配 Second: land, all 2026 awards are on Jurong Island (our observation)其次：土地，2026 年分配全部位于裕廊岛（本站观察） Our reading of the sourced rules本站对有来源规则的解读

32 sourced facts · 5 projects有来源事实 32 条 · 项目 5 个

Indonesia印度尼西亚● Country page live国家页已上线

PUE requirement or targetPUE 要求或目标None found未找到 No rule found in the sources read here所读来源中未找到规则

Power build-out电力建设规模5.2 GW5.2 GW expected data-centre power demand in 2034 (energy ministry, from 1.1 GW in 2025)能源部预计的 2034 年数据中心用电需求（2025 年为 1.1 GW） Forecast, electricity demand (ESDM, as reported)预测，用电需求（ESDM，经媒体报道）

Biggest constraint最大约束Power: 电力：a 1 GW order needs a 500 kV line and 3-5 years1 GW 订单需 500 kV 线路和 3-5 年 Second: water, a 640 MW project at Jatiluhur is halted pending permits, with water use in focus其次：水，Jatiluhur 的 640 MW 项目因许可未发停工，用水受到关注 Our reading of the sourced rules本站对有来源规则的解读

27 sourced facts · 4 projects有来源事实 27 条 · 项目 4 个

Australia澳大利亚● Country page live国家页已上线

PUE requirement or targetPUE 要求或目标1.251.25 NSW guideline新州指引

Power build-out电力建设规模67.1 GW67.1 GW at all stages advised to AEMO, March 2026向 AEMO 报送的各阶段容量，2026 年 3 月 Mostly proposed or at enquiry大部分处于提议或咨询阶段

Biggest constraint最大约束Power: 电力：new large sites must underwrite new supply (announced)新建大型站点须为新增电源提供担保（已宣布） Second: water, NSW and Victoria push cooling to recycled water其次：水，新州和维州推动冷却改用再生水 Our reading of the sourced rules本站对有来源规则的解读

18 sourced facts · 4 projects有来源事实 18 条 · 项目 4 个

New Zealand新西兰● Country page live国家页已上线

PUE requirement or targetPUE 要求或目标None found未找到 No PUE rule in the sources read here; sector average about 1.3 (NZTech)所读来源中未找到 PUE 规则；行业平均约 1.3（NZTech）

Power build-out电力建设规模104 MW104 MW deployed capacity in 2025 (NZTech estimate); baseline forecast 315 MW by 20302025 年已部署容量（NZTech 估计）；基线预测 2030 年 315 MW Industry estimate, deployed capacity行业估计，已部署容量

Biggest constraint最大约束Power: 电力：large-load connection rules and added generation expected (announced)大负荷并网规则和新增发电要求将出台（已宣布） Second: water, Datagrid's consents allow over 600,000 L a day of groundwater其次：水，Datagrid 的许可允许每天取用逾 60 万升地下水 Our reading of the sourced rules本站对有来源规则的解读

21 sourced facts · 5 projects有来源事实 21 条 · 项目 5 个

United States美国● Country page live国家页已上线

PUE requirement or targetPUE 要求或目标No federal limit无联邦上限 LBNL average 1.4 in 2023 (estimate)LBNL 估计 2023 年平均 1.4

Power build-out电力建设规模~50 GW约 50 GW added electricity use by 2030, DOE planning midpoint到 2030 年新增用电，美国能源部规划中值 Planning assumption规划假设

Biggest constraint最大约束Power: 电力：large loads must clear grid processes such as ERCOT's大负荷须走 ERCOT 等电网接入流程 Second: water, California makes new sites disclose water use (signed 2026-09)其次：水，加州要求拟建站点披露用水（2026-09 签署） Our reading of the sourced rules本站对有来源规则的解读

13 sourced facts · 10 projects有来源事实 13 条 · 项目 10 个

Every region has a country page. Singapore and Taiwan are drawn as dots. Select a number or a card to highlight both.每个地区都有国家页。新加坡和台湾以圆点表示。选择编号或卡片可同时高亮两者。

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Regions in scope: United States, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, China mainland覆盖范围：美国、澳大利亚、新西兰、马来西亚、新加坡、印度尼西亚、日本、台湾、韩国、中国大陆

Owner decision 2026-10-14站长决定 2026-10-14
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Monthly-report policy records placed on a country or state; Taiwan and New Zealand have none yet已归位到国家或州的月报政策记录；台湾、新西兰尚无记录

Monthly report database月报数据库
6of 10/ 10

Country pages with a PUE requirement or target (China (mainland), Taiwan, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore and Australia); all 10 give a sourced power figure in MW or GW有 PUE 要求或目标的国家页（中国大陆、台湾、日本、马来西亚、新加坡、澳大利亚）；10 个国家页都给出有来源的电力数字（MW 或 GW）

Counted from the cards above按上方卡片计数
Hours a year a dry cooler alone can make the water, 18 stations仅靠干冷器即可制水的年小时数，18 个站点
Hours a year a dry cooler alone can make the water: W20, W25, W32, W40 and W45 at 5, 10 and 15 K approach仅靠干冷器即可制水的年小时数：W20、W25、W32、W40、W45，接近温差 5、10、15 K
City (weather station)城市（气象站）W20W25W32W40W4599.6th-percentile dry-bulb, °C干球温度 99.6 百分位，°C
5 K10 K15 K5 K10 K15 K5 K10 K15 K5 K10 K15 K5 K10 K15 K
Northern Virginia (Washington Dulles)北弗吉尼亚（杜勒斯）4,4903,1681,7945,8754,4903,1687,8456,4124,9538,7398,3907,4718,7608,7398,39034.2
Dallas (Dallas/Fort Worth)达拉斯（达拉斯-沃斯堡）2,6971,5406414,0822,6971,5406,3884,6043,1398,4357,4515,7938,7368,4357,45138.6
Phoenix (Sky Harbor)凤凰城（天港）1,828597453,1601,8285974,8433,6032,2917,1165,6924,4348,2247,1165,69245
Sydney (Sydney Airport)悉尼（悉尼机场）2,22033905,3282,2203398,4176,7103,3738,7418,6648,0258,7578,7418,66432.8
Western Sydney (Penrith)悉尼西部（彭里斯） lowest year: 81% of hours observed最低单年：观测到 81% 的小时3,0111,0551565,7883,0111,0558,1506,8204,0298,7078,4957,7728,7548,7078,49535.9
Melbourne (Melbourne Airport)墨尔本（墨尔本机场）5,2612,0392247,4945,2612,0398,4497,8976,3648,7368,6218,2848,7598,7368,62134
Auckland (Auckland Airport)奥克兰（奥克兰机场）3,990781447,4873,9907818,7538,2105,5368,7608,7608,6898,7608,7608,76026.2
Johor (Senai)柔佛（士乃）0000005,3011008,7567,1232,7998,7608,7567,12334.3
Kuala Lumpur (Subang)吉隆坡（梳邦）0000004,174108,7466,5231,2788,7608,7466,52334.9
Singapore (Changi)新加坡（樟宜）0000003,239208,7607,1776488,7608,7607,17733.2
Jakarta (Soekarno-Hatta)雅加达（苏加诺-哈达）0000004,217208,7536,7331,4618,7608,7536,73334
Tokyo (Haneda)东京（羽田）3,5962,0505035,2963,5962,0507,6406,0364,2708,7588,3977,0088,7608,7588,39733.6
Taoyuan (Taoyuan Airport)桃园（桃园机场）8447602,905844765,9693,6761,6568,7177,5655,0208,7608,7177,56535.8
Seoul (Incheon Airport)首尔（仁川机场）4,7183,5152,3816,0714,7183,5158,2656,6775,2248,7608,6507,6908,7608,7608,65031.6
Beijing (Capital Airport)北京（首都机场）4,4783,4902,5905,6024,4783,4907,6126,1624,8928,6898,2197,0638,7588,6898,21936.2
Shanghai (Hongqiao)上海（虹桥）3,3102,0617544,7563,3102,0616,9775,3693,8598,6427,9256,3218,7608,6427,92536.8
Hokkaido (Sapporo)北海道（札幌） lowest year: 82% of hours observed最低单年：观测到 82% 的小时5,5304,3363,1566,8365,5304,3368,4747,4026,0188,7608,6948,1618,7608,7608,69430.7
Kyushu (Fukuoka)九州（福冈） lowest year: 82% of hours observed最低单年：观测到 82% 的小时3,4431,8154024,9833,4431,8157,1855,5914,0378,7358,1096,5388,7608,7358,10934.6

Assumes the dry cooler supplies the facility water directly. With a glycol loop and a plate heat exchanger in between, add the exchanger's approach (often 2–3 K) to the dry cooler's: 10 K plus 3 K falls between the 10 K and 15 K columns, so there are fewer hours than the 10 K column shows. 假设干冷器直接供设施水。若中间有乙二醇回路和板式换热器，应把换热器的接近温差（常见约 2–3 K）加到干冷器的接近温差上：10 K 加 3 K 介于 10 K 和 15 K 两列之间，小时数少于 10 K 一列。W32, W40 and W45 are ASHRAE facility water classes; W20 and W25 mean 20 °C and 25 °C supply, where chilled-water plant design is moving (this site's labels, not ASHRAE classes). Hours a year (average of 2020–2024; every year counted as 8,760 hours). Darker = a larger share of the year: W32、W40、W45 为 ASHRAE 设施水温等级；W20 和 W25 指 20 °C 和 25 °C 供水，是冷站冷冻水设计正在移向的温度（本站标注，不是 ASHRAE 等级）。每年小时数（2020–2024 年平均；每年按 8,760 小时计）。颜色越深 = 占全年比例越大：<25% 25–50% 50–75% 75–95% ≥95%

No compressor is needed in an hour when the outdoor dry-bulb temperature is at or below the supply water temperature minus the dry cooler's approach (5, 10 or 15 K). W32, W40 and W45 are ASHRAE facility water classes; W20 and W25 mean 20 and 25 °C supply, the range where chilled-water plant design is moving (this site's labels, not ASHRAE classes). The dry cooler is assumed to supply the facility water directly. One value per UTC hour (the first valid observation); hours are scaled from the observed share to a year of 8,760 hours (leap years included) and averaged over 2020–2024; the range is the lowest and highest single year. Owner decisions 2026-10-15: dry coolers on dry-bulb temperature; 5 K is conventional commercial practice, data centres increasingly use 10–15 K to reduce the number and footprint of dry coolers. 2026-10-16: add 20 and 25 °C supply, because chilled-water design in real plants is moving from about 20 °C towards 30 °C; count each year as 8,760 hours. A wider approach means fewer, smaller dry coolers but more hours the dry cooler alone cannot cover, met by chillers or another way to reject heat; where chillers run, a warmer condenser loop lowers their efficiency and raises PUE. Where footprint is the binding limit, designers accept that. The 99.6th-percentile column is the average over the five years of each year's 99.6th-percentile hourly dry-bulb temperature (about 35 hours a year are hotter). Missing hours are assumed to follow the same temperature mix as the observed ones; where gaps are uneven (Penrith 2020: about two-thirds of hours observed from January to June, nearly all from August; Sapporo and Fukuoka 2023: in May and June only eight observations a day, every three hours; 2024: about 65–76% of hours observed from August to November), that year is less certain. Airport stations can be cooler or warmer than a data-centre site nearby.当室外干球温度不高于“供水温度减干冷器接近温差（5、10 或 15 K）”时，该小时不需要压缩机。W32、W40、W45 为 ASHRAE 设施水温等级；W20 和 W25 指 20 °C 和 25 °C 供水，是冷站冷冻水设计正在移向的区间（本站标注，不是 ASHRAE 等级）。假设干冷器直接供设施水。每个 UTC 小时取第一个有效观测值；按观测到的比例折算为 8,760 小时的全年（闰年同样按 8,760 小时），取 2020–2024 年平均；区间为单年最低与最高。站长 2026-10-15 决定：干冷器按干球温度；常规商用接近温差 5 K，数据中心越来越多采用 10–15 K 以减少干冷器数量和占地。2026-10-16：增加 20 °C 和 25 °C 供水，因为实际冷站的冷冻水设计正从约 20 °C 向 30 °C 移动；每年按 8,760 小时计。接近温差越大，干冷器越少、占地越小，但干冷器单独无法覆盖的小时更多，需由冷机或其他排热方式承担；冷机运行时，较高的冷凝水温会降低其效率、使 PUE 变差。当占地是硬约束时，设计会接受这一代价。99.6 百分位一列为五年中各年逐时干球温度 99.6 百分位的平均值（每年约 35 小时更热）。缺测小时假设与已观测小时的温度分布相同；缺测不均匀时（彭里斯 2020 年：1–6 月约三分之二的小时有观测，8 月起几乎全部有观测；札幌和福冈 2023 年：5、6 月每天只有 8 次、每三小时一次观测；2024 年：8–11 月约 65–76% 的小时有观测），该年结果的不确定性更大。机场气象站与附近数据中心场址的气温可能有差别。

What a country page answers国家页回答什么

Same fields for every region每个地区用同一套字段

Build scale, power, water, efficiency rules, main policies and climate, each as a status tag, so regions can be compared field by field without a combined score.建设规模、电力、水、能效要求、主要政策和气候，各用一个状态标签；地区之间逐项比较，不做综合评分。

The thermal meaning热管理含义

The owner's HVAC reading of what these limits mean for the cooling plant, built on the hours a dry cooler alone can make water from W20 to W45 (above).站长从 HVAC 角度判断这些限制对冷站意味着什么，依据是上面仅靠干冷器制出 W20 至 W45 水的小时数。

Database view: record counts by region数据库视图：各地区记录数10 rows10 行
Showing显示 10
Region地区Code代码Status状态Monthly-report policy records月报政策记录Monthly-report projects月报项目Monthly-report investment records月报投资记录
United States美国USCountry page live国家页已上线62232
Australia澳大利亚AUCountry page live国家页已上线445
New Zealand新西兰NZCountry page live国家页已上线011
Malaysia马来西亚MYCountry page live国家页已上线267
Singapore新加坡SGCountry page live国家页已上线322
Indonesia印度尼西亚IDCountry page live国家页已上线134
Japan日本JPCountry page live国家页已上线278
Taiwan台湾TWCountry page live国家页已上线000
South Korea韩国KRCountry page live国家页已上线200
China (mainland)中国大陆CNCountry page live国家页已上线501